Open Access
Table 2
Overview of the investigated technologies and parameters.
Parameter | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Parameter 1: Insulation | Floor-slab: 200 mm insulation Exterior walls: 250 mm ins. Roof: 450 mm insulation |
Floor-slab: 300 mm insulation Exterior walls: 455 mm insulation Roof: 600 mm insulation |
Floor-slab: 400 mm insulation Exterior walls: 600 mm ins. Roof: 750 mm insulation |
Parameter 2: Air tightness | n50: 1.5 1/h | n50: 0.84 1/h | n50: 0.4 1/h |
Parameter 3: Windows | 1.10 W/(m2K) | 0.90 W/(m2K) | 0.70 W/(m2K) |
Parameter 4: Ventilation | SFP: 1.75/η: 80% | SFP: 1.5/η: 85% | SFP: 1.25/η: 90% |
Parameter 5: Heating | District heating/∞ kWth
SCOP: 1.0 |
Ground source heat pump: 4 kWth/SCOP: 3.5 | Ground source heat pump: 5 kWth/SCOP: 5.0 |
Parameter 6: PVs | No PV | 0.0347 kWp/m2GFA | 0.0624 kWp/m2GFA |
Parameter 7: Solar Thermal | No solar thermal | 0.0334 m2col/m2GFA, standard flat plate collector/used for DHW | 0.067m2col/m2GFA, vacuum tubes/used for DHW & heating |
Parameter 8: Cooling |
Compressor cooling: 3 kWth
SCOP: 3 |
Free cooling/boreholes: 1 kWth
SCOP: 20 |
Free cooling/boreholes: 2 kWth
SCOP: 20 |
Parameter 9: User behavior |
Plug loads and lighting: 20 kWh/(m2a) DHW: 15 kWh/(m2a) |
Plug loads and lighting: 26.6 kWh/(m2a) DHW: 17.2 kWh/(m2a) |
Plug loads and lighting: 35 kWh/(m2a) DHW: 25 kWh/(m2a) |
Parameter 10: Energy tariffs |
Electricity: 0.06 €/kWh District heating: 0.035 €/kWh |
Electricity: 0.08 €/kWh District heating: 0.05 €/kWh |
Electricity: 0.1 €/kWh District heating: 0.065 €/kWh |
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