Table 2

Overview of the investigated technologies and parameters.

Parameter Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Parameter 1: Insulation Floor-slab: 200 mm insulation
Exterior walls: 250 mm ins.
Roof: 450 mm insulation
Floor-slab: 300 mm insulation
Exterior walls: 455 mm insulation
Roof: 600 mm insulation
Floor-slab: 400 mm insulation
Exterior walls: 600 mm ins.
Roof: 750 mm insulation
Parameter 2: Air tightness n50: 1.5 1/h n50: 0.84 1/h n50: 0.4 1/h
Parameter 3: Windows 1.10 W/(m2K) 0.90 W/(m2K) 0.70 W/(m2K)
Parameter 4: Ventilation SFP: 1.75/η: 80% SFP: 1.5/η: 85% SFP: 1.25/η: 90%
Parameter 5: Heating District heating/∞ kWth
SCOP: 1.0
Ground source heat pump: 4 kWth/SCOP: 3.5 Ground source heat pump: 5 kWth/SCOP: 5.0
Parameter 6: PVs No PV 0.0347 kWp/m2GFA 0.0624 kWp/m2GFA
Parameter 7: Solar Thermal No solar thermal 0.0334 m2col/m2GFA, standard flat plate collector/used for DHW 0.067m2col/m2GFA, vacuum tubes/used for DHW & heating
Parameter 8:
Cooling
Compressor cooling: 3 kWth
SCOP: 3
Free cooling/boreholes: 1 kWth
SCOP: 20
Free cooling/boreholes: 2 kWth
SCOP: 20
Parameter 9:
User behavior
Plug loads and lighting: 20 kWh/(m2a)
DHW: 15 kWh/(m2a)
Plug loads and lighting: 26.6 kWh/(m2a)
DHW: 17.2 kWh/(m2a)
Plug loads and lighting: 35 kWh/(m2a)
DHW: 25 kWh/(m2a)
Parameter 10:
Energy tariffs
Electricity: 0.06 €/kWh
District heating: 0.035 €/kWh
Electricity: 0.08 €/kWh
District heating: 0.05 €/kWh
Electricity: 0.1 €/kWh
District heating: 0.065 €/kWh

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